David Mendez takes a look at the fascinating documentation for Foundling pupil Ann Watson, who was reclaimed by her mother and husband, possibly for a new life in Sierra Leone.
I came across documents relating to the child Ann Watson whilst conducting some research for a display about hidden stories of children of colour that had been admitted to the Foundling Hospital. The race of a child was usually not noted at the time of admittance, so identifying individuals and their stories is not always easy.
Ann Watson was admitted into the care of the Foundling Hospital in 1778. At this time, all those seeking to place their child at the Foundling Hospital would need to write a petition letter explaining their situation. This also needed to be supported by a reference from someone who knew the parent. Ann’s mother, Martha, who was originally from Calcutta (modern day Kolkata) in India, was supported by Lady Spencer (her employer at the time).
From notes in some Foundling Hospital minutes we know that in June 1778, Lady Spencer presented the Governors with a case of a ‘child born of a Black mother’ and claimed she had been ‘abandoned by her seducer’*.
Combined with the petition and reference, each particular case also had to go through a ballot system to then be successfully admitted. Martha’s petition was successful, and Ann was admitted into the care of the Foundling Hospital, renamed Ann Watson and given the number 17342. Her new life as a foundling had begun.
I was fascinated where this thread would take us, and we dug a little deeper into Ann’s story. In the archive we found another letter from 1786 from Ann’s mother, Martha. It shows that Martha had married William Green from Barbados in 1780 and six years later, they returned to reclaim Martha’s daughter from the Foundling Hospital. Their application was supported with a reference by Jane Piggott, describing William as an ‘honest man’ who had been with the Piggott family for years. Their application to claim Ann was successful and so Ann was returned to Martha and William.
Ann was just one of the very few children who returned to their parent. Foundling Hospital records suggest 3% of the 27,000 children were successfully claimed. There were a variety of reasons for this including not being able to afford to care for their child, or the secrecy and shame for many around having had a child outside of marriage.
The archive also tells us that William Green had intended to join a new colony of freed slaves in Sierra Leone. Our research went a little further and found records from 1786 of those intending to travel to Sierra Leone including a William Green of Barbados. We do not know if this is definitely the same William Green as above, or if the family survived the journey and life in this new colony. If they did make it, life would have been very difficult. Although sold as an opportunity to be free and govern themselves, the reality was very different. We know that about half of the settlers died within the first year, many from disease and hunger, or some got caught in local slave trading.
Bay of Sierra Leone, Thomas Salmon, 1752-53
We don’t know what path Ann’s life took once she left the Foundling Hospital but I would like to think that Ann was able to grow up and enjoy a fulfilling life, and I would one day love to find out more about her.
*The word ‘seduced’ appears frequently in our archives, especially in petitions from mothers to the Foundling Hospital. From the 15th century onwards, its specific meaning in English was to entice a woman who had not been sexually active to have sex outside marriage (termed ‘criminal conversation’). The nearest equivalent today to its usage in those earlier times would be ‘grooming’ — although this is not an exact equivalent. Mothers applying to the Foundling Hospital made it clear to the governors that these were their circumstances, in order to have any chance of their children being admitted.
Today the word seduction is used far more broadly and does not carry the connotations it did in earlier centuries. Its usage in eighteenth and nineteenth century petitions from mothers to the Foundling Hospital point to the widest range of sexual encounters, including consensual sex, sexual assault, and rape.
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Receipt given to Ann’s mother when she handed over her daughter: A/FH/A/11/002/015/018/b -
Ann’s billet recording her mother’s name: A/FH/A/09/001/186/185 -
Ann’s entry in the General Register: A/FH/A/09/002/005/025 -
Ann’s entry in the Baptism Register: A/FH/A/14/004/001/368 -
Nursery Book records Ann living with two nurses in Hadlow, Kent: A/FH/A/10/003/007/180 -
Sub-Committee Minutes of 4 November 1786 ordered Ann’s return to her mother: A/FH/A/03/005/019/105 -
Claim form signed by Ann’s mother and step-father (front): A/FH/A/11/002/015/018/a1 -
Claim form signed by Ann’s mother and step-father (back): A/FH/A/11/002/015/018/a2 -
Jane Piggott’s reference for William Green: A/FH/A/11/002/015/018/c